Family and Social Variables Associated with Family Health.

The current study examined the interrelationships among potentially relevant family and social factors associated with family health. A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting demographic information from 432 families, including family typology, family life cycle (FLC), and social status as well as social support and stressful life events (SLEs), with self-perception of family health being measured as a dependent variable. Descriptive analysis of the sample and univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed. Multivariate analyses showed that the FLC stage of families as launching centers, lower educational level of household heads, and impact of SLEs were negatively associated with family health, whereas adequate perceived social support and the number of close friends and relatives were positively associated with family health. Therefore, these factors must be considered by family nurses to promote family health and prevent family dysfunction.

Discapacidad intelectual en niños y adolescentes: influencia en la familia y la salud familiar. Revisión sistemática / Intellectual disability in children and teenagers: Influence on family and family health. Systematic review

Objetivo: Analizar la influencia en la unidad familiar de la existencia de un hijo en edad infantil o adolescente, con discapacidad intelectual. Método: Revisión sistemática de la literatura, siguiendo las recomendaciones de la declaración PRISMA, en PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO y Psicodoc. Se localizaron artículos originales, publicados en los últimos 5 años, en español, inglés, portugués, italiano o francés, con resumen y texto completo y calidad metodológica satisfactoria o buena. Dos investigadores independientes consensuaron decisiones. Resultados: Generalmente el cuidado se presta en la familia, asumiendo las madres la mayor responsabilidad, presentando menor bienestar que los padres. El apoyo del cónyuge mejora su calidad de vida. El subsistema fraternal puede afectarse en la calidez de la relación, el estatus/poder y los problemas comportamentales. La salud familiar puede afectarse en todas sus dimensiones: clima y funcionamiento familiar por las mayores demandas y modificaciones en la organización y distribución de roles; resistencia y afrontamiento familiares por el aumento de gastos y disminución de recursos; la integridad familiar puede reforzarse al fortalecerse los lazos familiares. El apoyo emocional favorece la calidad de vida familiar. Conclusiones: Estas familias pueden necesitar atención diferenciada por su mayor demanda de cuidados, disminución de recursos o problemas de salud familiar. Las enfermeras, desde un enfoque de atención centrado en la familia, pueden identificarlas y ayudarlas a normalizar su situación, fomentando la salud familiar y el bienestar de sus miembros (AU)

Objective: To examine the influence of a child or adolescent with intellectual disabilities on the family unit. Method: A systematic review of the literature, following the recommendations of the PRISMA statement, was carried out on the PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Psicodoc databases. Original articles were found, published in the last 5 years, in Spanish, English, Portuguese, Italian or French, with summary and full text and satisfactory or good methodological quality. Two independent researchers agreed on their decisions. Results: In general, care is provided in the family, mothers assume the greater responsibility, and their wellbeing is lower than that of fathers. Having the support of the husband improves their quality of life. The fraternal subsystem can be affected, with regard to the warmth and the status/power of the relationship, and behavioural problems. Family health may be affected in all its dimensions: family functioning and atmosphere due to increased demands and changes in the organisation and distribution of roles; family resilience and family coping, due to rising costs and dwindling resources; family integrity could be strengthened by strengthened family ties. Quality of family life is enhanced by emotional support. Conclusions: These families may need individualised attention due to the increased demand for care, diminishing resources or other family health problems. Nurses using a family-centred care approach can identify these families and help them to normalise their situation by promoting their family health and the well-being of its members (AU)

Intellectual disability in children and teenagers: Influence on family and family health. Systematic review. / Discapacidad intelectual en niños y adolescentes: influencia en la familia y la salud familiar. Revisión sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of a child or adolescent with intellectual disabilities on the family unit. METHOD: A systematic review of the literature, following the recommendations of the PRISMA statement, was carried out on the PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Psicodoc databases. Original articles were found, published in the last 5 years, in Spanish, English, Portuguese, Italian or French, with summary and full text and satisfactory or good methodological quality. Two independent researchers agreed on their decisions. RESULTS: In general, care is provided in the family, mothers assume the greater responsibility, and their wellbeing is lower than that of fathers. Having the support of the husband improves their quality of life. The fraternal subsystem can be affected, with regard to the warmth and the status/power of the relationship, and behavioural problems. Family health may be affected in all its dimensions: family functioning and atmosphere due to increased demands and changes in the organisation and distribution of roles; family resilience and family coping, due to rising costs and dwindling resources; family integrity could be strengthened by strengthened family ties. Quality of family life is enhanced by emotional support. CONCLUSIONS: These families may need individualised attention due to the increased demand for care, diminishing resources or other family health problems. Nurses using a family-centred care approach can identify these families and help them to normalise their situation by promoting their family health and the well-being of its members.

Alcoholic patients' response to their disease: perspective of patients and family.

OBJECTIVE: To know the perspective of alcoholic patients and their families about the behavioral characteristics of the disease, identifying the issues to modify the addictive behavior and seek rehabilitation. METHOD: Ethnographic research using interpretative anthropology, via participant observation and a detailed interview with alcoholic patients and their families, members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Alanon in Spain. RESULTS: Development of disease behavior in alcoholism is complex due to the issues of interpreting the consumption model as a disease sign. Patients often remain long periods in the pre-contemplation stage, delaying the search for assistance, which often arrives without them accepting the role of patient. This constrains the recovery and is related to the social thought on alcoholism and self-stigma on alcoholics and their families, leading them to deny the disease, condition of the patient, and help. The efforts of self-help groups and the involvement of health professionals is essential for recovery. CONCLUSION: Understanding how disease behavior develops, and the change process of addictive behavior, it may be useful for patients, families and health professionals, enabling them to act in a specific way at each stage.

Alcoholic patients' response to their disease: perspective of patients and family / Resposta da pessoa doente alcoólatra frente à sua doença: perspectivas de pacientes e familiares / Respuesta del enfermo alcohólico ante su enfermedad: Perspectivas de pacientes y familiares

Objective: to know the perspective of alcoholic patients and their families about the behavioral characteristics of the disease, identifying the issues to modify the addictive behavior and seek rehabilitation. Method: ethnographic research using interpretative anthropology, via participant observation and a detailed interview with alcoholic patients and their families, members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Alanon in Spain. Results: development of disease behavior in alcoholism is complex due to the issues of interpreting the consumption model as a disease sign. Patients often remain long periods in the pre-contemplation stage, delaying the search for assistance, which often arrives without them accepting the role of patient. This constrains the recovery and is related to the social thought on alcoholism and self-stigma on alcoholics and their families, leading them to deny the disease, condition of the patient, and help. The efforts of self-help groups and the involvement of health professionals is essential for recovery. Conclusion: understanding how disease behavior develops, and the change process of addictive behavior, it may be useful for patients, families and health professionals, enabling them to act in a specific way at each stage.

Objetivos: conhecer as perspectivas de pessoas doentes alcoólatras e familiares sobre as características do comportamento da doença, identificando as dificuldades para modificar o comportamento aditivo e motivar a recuperação. Método: pesquisa etnográfica baseada na antropologia interpretativa, mediante observação participante e entrevista em profundidade com as pessoas doentes alcoólatras e seus familiares, membros dos Alcoólicos Anónimos e Al-anon, na Espanha. Resultados: o desenvolvimento do comportamento da doença no alcoolismo é complexo, dadas as dificuldades para interpretar o modelo de consumo como sinal de doença. Usualmente, as pessoas doentes permanecem por longos períodos de tempo na etapa de pré-contemplação, atrasando a demanda de assistência, a qual costuma chegar sem a aceitação da doença pela própria pessoa doente. Isso dificulta a recuperação e relaciona-se à consideração social do alcoolismo e à auto estigma em alcoólatras e familiares, levando-os a negar a doença, a condição de doente e a ajuda. O trabalho dos grupos de ajuda mútua e a implicação dos profissionais da saúde são fundamentais para sua recuperação. Conclusão: conhecer o desenvolvimento do comportamento da doença e o processo de mudança do comportamento aditivo pode ser útil para as pessoas doentes, familiares, e profissionais da saúde, permitindo-lhes atuar de forma específica em cada etapa.

Objetivos: conocer las perspectivas de enfermos alcohólicos y de familiares sobre las características de la conducta de la enfermedad, identificando las dificultades para modificar la conducta adictiva y emprender la recuperación. Método: investigación etnográfica desde la antropología interpretativa, mediante observación participante y entrevista en profundidad con enfermos alcohólicos y sus familiares, miembros de Alcohólicos Anónimos y Al-anon en España. Resultados: el desarrollo de la conducta de enfermedad en el alcoholismo es complejo dadas las dificultades para interpretar el modelo de consumo como señal de enfermedad. Los enfermos suelen mantenerse largos periodos de tiempo en la etapa de precontemplación retrasando la demanda de asistencia, a la que suelen llegar sin aceptar el rol de enfermo. Esto dificulta la recuperación y se relaciona con la consideración social del alcoholismo y el autoestigma en alcohólicos y familiares, llevándoles a negar la enfermedad, la consideración de enfermo y la ayuda. La labor de los grupos de ayuda mutua y la implicación de los profesionales sanitarios resulta fundamental para su recuperación. Conclusión: conocer el desarrollo de la conducta de enfermedad y el proceso de cambio de la conducta adictiva, puede ser de utilidad para enfermos, familiares, y profesionales sanitarios, permitiéndoles actuar de forma específica en cada etapa.

Psychometric properties of an instrument to measure family disease management / Propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento para medir el control familiar de la enfermedad

An instrumental study of 392 households with sick or disabled members was conducted to analyze the psychometric properties of the Family Disease Management Scale. Three different models were analyzed using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). One was a single-dimensional factor (family disease management) with 30 items; and two hierarchical models with three factors, which represent the dimensions, family support, family normalization and family participation, that placed the workload into another of higher order called family disease management, the first with 30 items and the second with 29. The CFA results showed that the latter 29-item model provided a better fit. The internal consistency analysis using the Cronbach alpha test showed a value of .93 for the complete scale and above .80 in the three subscales. This instrument may be useful to assess how families manage the illness or disability of its members, especially in clinical practice given the importance of the family as the primary caregiver. As well as in performing epidemiological studies, and in the field of management, planning and assistance (AU)

Se realizó un estudio instrumental en 392 familias con miembros enfermos o discapacitados para estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Manejo Familiar de la Enfermedad. Se analizaron tres modelos mediante Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC): uno con un factor (Manejo familiar de la enfermedad) con 30 ítems y otros dos jerárquicos, con tres factores, para las dimensiones apoyo familiar, normalización familiar y participación familiar, cuyos pesos se depositan en otro factor de orden mayor denominado Manejo familiar de la enfermedad, el primero con 30 ítems y el segundo con 29. Los resultados del AFC mostraron que el último modelo de 29 ítems obtuvo mejor ajuste. El análisis de la consistencia interna mostró valores de 0,93 para la escala completa y mayores de 0,80 en las tres subescalas. El instrumento podría usarse para valorar el manejo de la enfermedad o discapacidad de sus miembros por parte de las familias, especialmente en la práctica clínica, dada la importancia de la familia como cuidadora principal. También podría ser útil en estudios epidemiológicos o en la gestión y planificación sanitaria (AU)

Psychometric properties of an instrument to measure family disease management.

An instrumental study of 392 households with sick or disabled members was conducted to analyze the psychometric properties of the Family Disease Management Scale. Three different models were analyzed using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). One was a single-dimensional factor (family disease management) with 30 items; and two hierarchical models with three factors, which represent the dimensions, family support, family normalization and family participation, that placed the workload into another of higher order called family disease management, the first with 30 items and the second with 29. The CFA results showed that the latter 29-item model provided a better fit. The internal consistency analysis using the Cronbach alpha test showed a value of .93 for the complete scale and above .80 in the three subscales. This instrument may be useful to assess how families manage the illness or disability of its members, especially in clinical practice given the importance of the family as the primary caregiver. As well as in performing epidemiological studies, and in the field of management, planning and assistance.

Se realizó un estudio instrumental en 392 familias con miembros enfermos o discapacitados para estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Manejo Familiar de la Enfermedad. Se analizaron tres modelos mediante Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC): uno con un factor (Manejo familiar de la enfermedad) con 30 ítems y otros dos jerárquicos, con tres factores, para las dimensiones apoyo familiar, normalización familiar y participación familiar, cuyos pesos se depositan en otro factor de orden mayor denominado Manejo familiar de la enfermedad, el primero con 30 ítems y el segundo con 29. Los resultados del AFC mostraron que el último modelo de 29 ítems obtuvo mejor ajuste. El análisis de la consistencia interna mostró valores de 0,93 para la escala completa y mayores de 0,80 en las tres subescalas. El instrumento podría usarse para valorar el manejo de la enfermedad o discapacidad de sus miembros por parte de las familias, especialmente en la práctica clínica, dada la importancia de la familia como cuidadora principal. También podría ser útil en estudios epidemiológicos o en la gestión y planificación sanitaria.

Content validation of the Self-perception of Family Health Status scale using the Delphi technique.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the content validity of the Self-perception of Family Health Status scale. METHOD: A validation study of an instrument with an online Delphi panel using the consensus technique. Eighteen experts in the subject were intentionally selected, with a multidisciplinary origin and representing different professional fields. Each of the proposed items was assessed using a five-point scale, and open-ended questions, to modify or propose items. Descriptive analysis was performed of the sample and the items, applying criteria of validation/elimination. RESULTS: The first round had a response rate of 83.3% and validated 75 of the 96 proposed items; the second had a response rate of 80%, and validated the 21 newly created items, concluding the panel of experts. CONCLUSIONS: We present an instrument to measure self-perception of family health status, from a nursing perspective. This may be an advance in scientific knowledge, to facilitate the assessment of the state of health of the family unit, enabling detection of alterations, and to facilitate interventions to prevent consequences to the family unit and its members. It can be used in clinical care, research or teaching.

Content validation of the Self-perception of Family Health Status scale using the Delphi technique / Validação de conteúdo da escala de auto-percepção do estado da saúde familiar utilizando a técnica Delphi / Validación de contenido de la escala de autopercepción del estado de salud familiar usando la técnica Delphi

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the content validity of the Self-perception of Family Health Status scale. METHOD: A validation study of an instrument with an online Delphi panel using the consensus technique. Eighteen experts in the subject were intentionally selected, with a multidisciplinary origin and representing different professional fields. Each of the proposed items was assessed using a five-point scale, and open-ended questions, to modify or propose items. Descriptive analysis was performed of the sample and the items, applying criteria of validation/elimination. RESULTS: The first round had a response rate of 83.3% and validated 75 of the 96 proposed items; the second had a response rate of 80%, and validated the 21 newly created items, concluding the panel of experts. CONCLUSIONS: We present an instrument to measure self-perception of family health status, from a nursing perspective. This may be an advance in scientific knowledge, to facilitate the assessment of the state of health of the family unit, enabling detection of alterations, and to facilitate interventions to prevent consequences to the family unit and its members. It can be used in clinical care, research or teaching. .

OBJETIVO: Verificar a validade de conteúdo da escala Auto-percepção da Família sobre o estado de saúde. MÉTODO: Um estudo de validação de um instrumento com um painel Delphi on-line, utilizando a técnica de consenso. Dezoito especialistas no assunto, selecionados intencionalmente, de origem multidisciplinar e representando diferentes áreas profissionais. Cada um dos itens propostos foi avaliado usando uma escala de cinco pontas, e perguntas abertas, para modificação ou propostas de itens. Realizada análise descritiva da amostra e os itens, aplicando critérios de validação / eliminação. RESULTADOS: A primeira rodada teve uma taxa de resposta de 83,3% e validados 75 dos 96 itens propostos; a segunda teve uma taxa de resposta de 80%, e validou os 21 itens recém-criados, concluindo o painel de especialistas. CONCLUSÕES: Apresentamos um instrumento para medir a auto-percepção do estado de saúde da família, a partir de uma perspectiva de enfermagem. Este pode ser um avanço no conhecimento científico, a fim de facilitar a avaliação do estado de saúde da unidade familiar, permitindo a detecção de alterações, e facilitando as intervenções para evitar consequências para a unidade da família e seus membros. Ela pode ser usado em pesquisa clínica de cuidados, ou de ensino. .

OBJETIVO: Comprobar la validez de contenido de la escala de Autopercepción del Estado de Salud Familiar. MÉTODO: Estudio de validación de instrumento con panel Delphi on-line como técnica de consenso. Se seleccionaron intencionalmente 18 expertos/as en el tema, de origen multidisciplinar y de diferentes ámbitos profesionales. Cada uno de los ítems propuestos fue valorado mediante una escala de cinco puntos, y mediante preguntas abiertas, para modificar o proponer ítems. Se realizó análisis descriptivo de la muestra y de los ítems, aplicando criterios de estimación/desestimación. RESULTADOS: La primera ronda tuvo una tasa de respuesta del 83,3% y se estimaron 75 ítems de los 96 propuestos; la segunda tuvo una tasa de respuesta de 80%, y se estimaron los 21 ítems de nueva creación, concluyendo el panel de expertos/as. CONCLUSIONES: Se presenta un instrumento para medir la Autopercepción del Estado de Salud Familiar, desde una perspectiva enfermera. Este puede suponer un avance en el conocimiento científico, al facilitar la valoración del estado de salud de la unidad familiar, permitir detectar sus alteraciones, y facilitar las intervenciones para prevenir las consecuencias de estas sobre la propia unidad familiar y sus miembros. Puede ser usado en la asistencia, investigación o docencia. .

[Reliability and construct validity of an instrument to asses the Self-perception of Family Health Status]. / Consistencia interna y validez de un cuestionario para medir la autopercepción del estado de salud familiar.

BACKGROUND: Family health determines and it is determined by family´s capacity to function effectively as a biosocial unit in a given culture and society. The main of study has been to test reliability and construct validity of an instrument to asses the Self-perception of Family Health Status. METHODS: We validated its content by an on-line Dephi panel with experts. We surveyed 258 families in them homes or in primary health centres from Seville, Spain. We administered the instrument that has five Likert scales: Family climate, Family integrity, Family functioning, and Family resistance. We tested reliability by Cronbach Alpha and construct validity by exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS: The five scales obtained values α between 0.73 for the Family Climate and 0.89 for Family Integrity. They showed evidence of one-dimensional interpretation after factor analysis, a) all items got weights r>0.30 in first factor before rotations, b) the first factor explained a significant proportion of variance before rotations, and c) the total variance explained by the main factors extracted was greater than 50%. CONCLUSIONS: The scales showed their reliability and validity. They could be employed to assess the self-perception of family health status.

Consistencia interna y validez de un cuestionario para medir la autopercepción del estado de salud familiar / Reliability and construct validity of an instrument to asses the self-perception of family health status

Fundamentos: La salud familiar determina y está determinada por la capacidad de funcionamiento efectivo de la familia como unidad biopsicosocial, en el contexto de una cultura y una sociedad. El objetivo del estudio ha sido comprobar la fiabilidad y validez de un cuestionario diseñado para medir la autopercepción del estado de salud familiar. Métodos: Se contó con 258 familias de la provincia de Sevilla a las que se aplicó el cuestionario que constaba de cinco escalas: Clima Familiar, Integridad Familiar, Funcionamiento Familiar, Resistencia Familiar y Afrontamiento Familiar, Likert, autoadministrado en su domicilio o en centros de salud. Se determinó la fiabilidad mediante la prueba alpha de Cronbach y la validez de constructo mediante análisis factorial exploratorio. Resultados: Se obtuvieron valores α comprendidos entre 0,73 para Clima familiar y 0,89 para Integridad Familiar. El análisis factorial mostró datos a favor de su unidimensionalidad, a) todos los ítems obtuvieron pesos r>0,30 en el primer factor, b) éste explicaba una proporción importante de la varianza con respecto a los demás, c) la varianza total explicada por los factores principales era mayor al 50%. Conclusiones: Las escalas demostraron su validez y fiabilidad y pueden ser utilizadas para valorar la autopercepción del estado de salud familiar(AU)

Background: Family health determines and it is determined by family's capacity to function effectively as a biosocial unit in a given culture and society. The main of study has been to test reliability and construct validity of an instrument to asses the Self-perception of Family Health Status. Methods: We validated its content by an on-line Dephi panel with experts. We surveyed 258 families in them homes or in primary health centres fromSeville, Spain.We administered the instrument that has five Likert scales: Family climate, Family integrity, Family functioning, and Family resistance. We tested reliability by Cronbach Alpha and construct validity by exploratory factor analysis. Results: The five scales obtained values α between 0.73 for the Family Climate and 0.89 for Family Integrity. They showed evidence of one-dimensional interpretation after factor analysis, a) all items got weights r>0.30 in first factor before rotations, b) the first factor explained a significant proportion of variance before rotations, and c) the total variance explained by the main factors extracted was greater than 50%. Conclusions: The scales showed their reliability and validity. They could be employed to assess the self-perception of family health status(AU)